Skip to main content

Einfache Heuristiken für gute Entscheidungen

  • Chapter

Zusammenfassung

Ist es möglich, mit wenigen Informationen gute Entscheidungen zu treffen? Können einfache Entscheidungsregeln (Heuristiken) komplexen Aufgabenstellungen gerecht werden? Eine weit verbreitete Intuition ist, dass Entscheidungen besser werden, je mehr Informationen miteinander verrechnet werden. Wir werden in diesem Kapitel zeigen, dass oft das Gegenteil der Fall ist. Entscheidungen sind meist mit einem gewissen Grad an Ungewissheit behaftet — und gerade dann ist weniger häufig mehr. Die Fokussierung auf eine einzige oder wenige Variablen muss nicht nur keine Nachteile bringen, sondern kann die Vorhersagegenauigkeit sogar verbessern. Wir werden zunächst unseren Ansatz von anderen Rationalitätsauffassungen abgrenzen. Dann werden wir allgemein beschreiben, welche Qualitäten eine Heuristik auszeichnen. Die „Take The Best“-Heuristik und einfache Entscheidungsbäume werden dies konkret veranschaulichen. Aus den berichteten Befunden werden Schlussfolgerungen für Problemlöse- und EntScheidungsprozesse abgeleitet.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   49.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   64.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Literatur

  • Breiman, L., Friedman, J. H., Olshen, R. A. & Stone, C. J. (1993). Classification and regression trees. New York: Chapman & Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bröder, A. (2000). Assessing the empirical validity of the „Take-the-best” heuristic as a model of human probabilistic inference. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26, 1332–1346.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bröder, A. & Schiffer, S. (2003). „Take The Best“versus simultaneous feature matching: Probabilistic inferences from memory and effects of representation format. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, Vol 132 (2), 277–293.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chase, V. M., Hertwig, R. & Gigerenzer, G. (1998). Visions of rationality. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2, 206–214.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Czerlinski, J., Gigerenzer, G. & Goldstein, D. G. (1999). How good are simple heuristics? In G. Gigerenzer, P. M. Todd & the ABC Research Group (Eds.), Simple heuristics that make us smart (pp. 97–118). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, J. E., Steiner, F., Zucol, F., Berger, C., Martignon, L., Bossart, W., Altwegg, M. & Nadal, D. (2002). Use of simple heuristics to target Macrolide prescription in children with community-acquired pneumonia. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 156, 1005–1008.

    Google Scholar 

  • French, J. A., Kamil, A. C. & Leger, D. W. (Eds.) (2001). Evolutionary psychology and motivation. Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gigerenzer, G. (in press). Striking a blow for sanity in theories of rationality. In R. B. Augie & J. G. March (Eds.), Essays in honor of Herbert Simon. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gigerenzer, G. & Goldstein, D. G. (1996). Reasoning the fast and frugal way: Models of bounded rationality. Psychological Review, 103, 650–669.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gigerenzer, G. & Goldstein, D. G. (1999). Betting on one good reason: The Take The Best heuristic. In G. Gigerenzer, P. M. Todd & the ABC Research Group. Simple heuristics that make us smart (pp. 75–95). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gigerenzer, G., Todd, P. M. & ABC Research Group (Eds.) (1999). Simple heuristics that make us smart. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, L. & Mehr, D. R. (1997). What alters physicians’ decisions to admit to the coronary care unit? Journal of Family Practice, 45, 219–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahneman, D., Slovic, P. & Tversky, A. (Eds.). (1982). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martignon, L. & Hoffrage, U. (2002). Fast, frugal, and fit: Simple heuristics for paired comparison. Theory & Decision, 52, 29–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McLeod, P. & Dienes, Z. (1996). Do fielders know where to go to catch the ball or only how to get there? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 22, 531–543.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newell, B. R. & Shanks, D. R. (2003). Take The Best or look at the rest? Factors influencing ‘one-reason’ decision making. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 29, 53–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newell, B. R., Weston, N.J. & Shanks, D.R. (2003). Empirical tests of a fast and frugal heuristic: not everyone “takes-the-best”. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 91, 82–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Payne, J., Bettman, J. R. & Johnson, E. J. (1988). Adaptive strategy selection in decision making. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 14, 534–552.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pozen, M. W., D’Agostino, R. B., Selker, H. P., Sytkowski, P. A. & Hood, W. B. Jr. (1984). A predictive instrument to improve coronary-care-unit admission practices in acute ischemic heart disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 310, 1273–1278.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rieskamp, J. & Hoffrage, U. (1999). When do people use simple heuristics, and how can we tell? In G. Gigerenzer, P. M. Todd & the ABC Research Group (Eds.), Simple heuristics that make us smart (pp. 141–167). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosander, K. & Hofsten, C. von (2002). Development of gaze tracking of small and large objects. Experimental Brain Research, 146, 257–264.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sargent, T. J. (1993). Bounded rationality in macroeconomics. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaffer, D. M. & McBeath, M. K. (2002). Baseball outfielders maintain a linear optical trajectory when tracking uncatchable fly balls. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 28, 335–348.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simon, H. A. (1955). A behavioral model of rational choice. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 69, 99–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simon, H. A. (1956). Rational choice and the structure of environments. Psychological Review, 63, 129–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simon, H. A. (1962). The architecture of complexity. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 106, 467–482.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simon, H. A. (1990). Invariants of human behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 41, 1–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Solomon, G. E. A. (2000). Heuristics and development: Getting even smarter. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 23, 763–764.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stigler, G. J. (1961). The economics of information. Journal of Political Economy, 69, 213–225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2004 Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Dieckmann, A., Martignon, L. (2004). Einfache Heuristiken für gute Entscheidungen. In: Fisch, R., Beck, D. (eds) Komplexitätsmanagement. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-89803-6_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-89803-6_3

  • Publisher Name: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-531-14437-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-322-89803-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics